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1916 SYLES-PICOT AGREEMENT BORDERS ARE EXPANDING
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June 11, 2013
Excerpt from the Manchester Guardian,
Monday, November 26, 1917,
This was the first English-language reference to what became known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
The Sykes–Picot Agreement, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement, was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France, with the assent of Russia, defining their proposed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The negotiation of the treaty occurred between November 1915 and March 1916. The agreement was concluded on 16 May 1916
The agreement effectively divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control or influence. The terms were negotiated by the French diplomat François Georges-Picot and British Sir Mark Sykes. The Russian Tsarist government was a minor party to the Sykes–Picot agreement, and when, following the Russian Revolution of October 1917, the Bolsheviks exposed the agreement, ‘the British were embarrassed, the Arabs dismayed and the Turks delighted.’
Britain was allocated control of areas roughly comprising the coastal strip between the sea and River Jordan, Jordan, southern Iraq, and a small area including the ports of Haifa and Acre, to allow access to the Mediterranean. France was allocated control of south-eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. Russia was to get Istanbul, the Turkish Straits and the Ottoman Armenian vilayets. The controlling powers were left free to decide on state boundaries within these areas. Further negotiation was expected to determine international administration pending consultations with Russia and other powers, including the Sharif of Mecca.
Begin Excerpts from Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs/Daily Alert
June 10, 2013
Excerpt 1 – Jerusalem Post
Sykes-Picot and Israel
Editorial
Jerusalem Post
The political order artificially constructed in the Middle East by the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement is disintegrating. As the Syrian civil war rages, the borders drawn nearly a century ago are becoming blurred.
Syria is gradually splintering into three different entities: one region along the coast is loyal to the Alawite regime of President Bashar Assad; another yet-to-be-determined swath of territory might fall under the control of Sunni opposition forces; and a Kurdish enclave with ties to northern Iran and Kurdish groups in Turkey is also emerging.
Meanwhile, Iraq’s territorial integrity is also in danger of being compromised. The changing balance of power might have ramifications for Jordan, where Beduin tribes rule over a Palestinian majority.
The breakdown of the old Sykes-Picot political order is also testing Israel’s border with Syria along the Golan Heights.
Israel nearly opened fire on pro-Assad forces during fighting Thursday in Quneitra. Syria had moved five tanks and five armored personnel carriers into the demilitarized zone on the Golan Heights separating Syria and Israel, to remove rebel forces that had taken over the Syrian-Israel border crossing.
In response, the IDF relayed a message to the Syrian army via the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), warning that it would take action if the Syrian tanks remained in the demilitarized zone.
The battles spooked UN peacekeepers, and at least one country – Austria – has announced it will pull its soldiers out of the mission.
Still, Israel is not relying on an international contingent to protect its border, nor should it. In fact, the potential disintegration of UNDOF is proof that Israel cannot rely on international forces for its security.
And this realization has important implications, as U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry continues to spearhead efforts for a negotiated peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Israel cannot, for instance, agree to replace IDF troops with an international force in the Jordan Valley.
Excerpt 2 – Washington Post/AP
Israeli PM: Peacekeepers Leaving Golan Shows Israel Can Only Depend on Itself for Security
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu says the planned withdrawal of some U.N. peacekeepers from the Golan Heights shows that the Jewish state can only rely on itself for security. Netanyahu was speaking Sunday at a government meeting days after Austria announced it was withdrawing its U.N. peacekeepers from the Golan. Netanyahu told the ministers that “the crumbling of the U.N. force on the Golan Heights underscores the fact that Israel cannot depend on international forces for its security.”
Excerpt 3 – Reuters
Iran Ups Cyber Attacks on Israeli Computers
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Iran and its Palestinian and Lebanese allies on Sunday of carrying out “non-stop” cyber attacks on major computer systems in his country. He gave no details on the number of attacks but said “vital national systems” had been targeted. Water, power and banking sites were also under threat, he added.
Excerpt 4 – Kansas City Star
McClatchy
Foreign Militant Islamists Streaming into Syria to Face Hizbullah – Hannah Allam
Foreign Islamist extremists are streaming into Syria, apparently in response to the Shiite militant group Hizbullah’s more visible backing of Syrian President Bashar Assad, a development that analysts say is likely to lead to a major power struggle between foreign jihadists and Syrian rebels should the regime collapse. While many foreign fighters have been absorbed into established Syrian rebel groups, there are signs now that an increasing number are remaining in free-standing units that operate independently and are willing to clash with other rebels and Syrian communities to implement their own rigid vision of Islamist governance. (Kansas City Star/McClatchy)
Excerpt 5 – Al Jazeera
Deadly Clash Outside Iran Embassy in Beirut
A young Lebanese man was killed on Sunday after two groups clashed in southern Beirut following a protest over the roles of Iran and Hizbullah in Syria. The shooting incident happened near the Iranian embassy in Bir Hassan, which is in an area where support for the Shia group Hizbullah is strong.
Excerpt 6 – World Affairs
Is the Sunni Saudi Kingdom Next?
Joel Brinkley
Every nation bordering Syria—Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey—is being drawn into the conflict there. The leaders in these countries are worried, to say the least. But why is Saudi Arabia in a panic? Hundreds if not thousands of Saudis are pouring into Syria to fight with one or another of the factions trying to unseat Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. And that has Saudi leaders terrified.
King Abdullah warned Saudis to stay out of the fighting to no good effect. Why are they so concerned? Well, all of them remember well what happened almost 10 years ago when thousands of Saudis joined the jihads against the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan and then came back and turned their weapons on Saudis and foreigners who lived there. Hundreds died.
Excerpt 7 – Al-Monitor
Turkey’s Erdogan: “We’ve Been Patient for Too Long”
Tulin Daloglu
It was a shocking speech — as if Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan had declared a war against a segment of his own people. “We’ve been patient for far too long,” Erdogan said on Sunday, June 9, upon his arrival in Ankara’s international airport. Erdogan increasingly perceives that the people protesting in the streets are conspiring to bring him down illegally. He is convinced that the protesters have not really come to the streets on their own, but that domestic and foreign provocateurs have goaded them into doing so.
If there is provocation on the streets, it first started with excessive use of force by the police, and the more the prime minister continues to refuse to find a middle way. His decade-long policies, and the weak opposition, are responsible for the unrest on Turkey’s streets. But with this speech, Erdogan made it clear that he wants to pick a fight with those who disagree with him. He is doing his best to divide the nation between his supporters and the others, and increasing the risks of clashes between those groups. Turkey has turned a corner to a dangerous path.
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